<p>Flysch formations are generally characterised by evident heterogeneity in the presence of low strength and tectonically disturbed structures. The complexity of these geological materials demands a more specialized geoengineering characterisation. <br />In ...

<p>Shotcrete is a process where concrete is projected or &ldquo;shot&rdquo; under pressure, using a feeder or a &ldquo;gun&rdquo; onto a surface to form structural shapes including walls, floors, and roofs. The surface can be wood, steel, polystyrene, or any ...

Since the advent of New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), shotcrete as a primary means of support in tunnels has been widely applied. It’s most important features are durability, speed of application and cost effectiveness. This paper introduces some tables ...

<p>The construction of shallow mined tunnels in urban settings is frequently undertaken by use of conventional tunneling methods. In soft ground under shallow cover the construction techniques rely largely on the use of pre-support measures and ground improvement ...

<p>Ras R&rsquo;Mel Moroccan tunnel is a 2.6 km long and 60m² section single track railway tunnel. It was excavated in a complex geological context of highly heterogeneous and highly deformable soft rock. The purpose of this paper is first to describe ...

<p>Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete (FRS) is now used together with bolts for ground support in almost every underground metalliferous mine in Australia. Safety and economy have been the primary factors driving the widespread adoption of this system of ground support. ...

Considerable practical knowledge and effective use of empirical evidence is required in the design of tunnel support systems. In many instances, it is unclear how individual support elements interact with fractured rock and which elements of the support system ...

<p>The paper gives an overview of the improvements in sprayed concrete technology that have occurred rapidly over the last 10 years, allowing the industry to consider sprayed concrete as a "permanent" structural support.</p>

The paper describes the history of the Q-system that was introduced in 1974, and its later development. The individual parameters are analysed, and their relevance for the natural geological features they seek to simulate, is discussed. It is concluded that ...

The purpose of this manual is to provide highway and rail transit tunnel owners guidance for establishing procedures and practices for the inspection, documentation, and priority classification of deficiencies for various elements that comprise an existing ...