This thesis aims to analyze soil and shallow foundations of buildings to reach the optimal type should be used to minimize cost with control over quality.   Also, suggested a new sustainable material mixture for the three regions of Iraq. Mosul, Baghdad  and Basrah are the regions chosen for study due to the great variation in the geology and the soil conditions. Soil investigations were done for twenty three sites in different locations of  the  three regions in  Iraq. The geotechnical assessment included field investigations and  laboratory tests. Laboratory testing was carried out to aid soil classification and to evaluate the engineering properties for the subsurface soil. The results obtained from soil exploration were adopted in the calculations of settlements and bearing capacities for foundation design.