Norwegians have a long tradition in underground work which is clearly exhibited in Oslo. Although a small (500,000 inhabitants) and fairly spacious city, with variable rock quality, the underground is utilised to a large extent. The ever increasing focus on ...

Small scale tunneling for oil has been performed onshore since the turn of the century. In the late 1970s and in the 1980s, several proposals were set froth for using subsea tunnels in the exploitation of offshore oil and gas fields. This article describes ...