<p>Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) (often called limit states design (LSD)) has been mandated in the AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications and will be adopted in future editions of Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code for all transportation-related structures ...

<p>A new constitutive model is introduced which is formulated in the framework of classical theory of plasticity. In the model the total strains are calculated using a stress-dependent stiffness, different for both virgin loading and unloading reloading.</p ...