<p>The design of retaining walls requires the complete knowledge of the earth pressure distribution behind the wall. Due to the complex soil-structure effect, the estimation of earth pressure is not an easy task; even in the static case. The problem becomes ...

<p>Observations of the performance of basement walls and retaining structures in recent earthquakes show that failures of basement or deep excavation walls in earthquakes are rare even if the structures were not designed for the actual intensity of the earthquake ...

<p>Observations of the performance of many different types of retaining structures in recent earthquakes show that failures of retaining structures, including braced excavation supports and basement walls, are rare even if the structures were not designed ...