<p>Observations of the performance of basement walls and retaining structures in recent earthquakes show that failures of basement or deep excavation walls in earthquakes are rare even if the structures were not designed for the actual intensity of the earthquake ...

<p>Observations of the performance of many different types of retaining structures in recent earthquakes show that failures of retaining structures, including braced excavation supports and basement walls, are rare even if the structures were not designed ...

<p>Scour of rock is a complex process and can be very problematic for dams when excessive scour threatens dam stability. Removal of individual rock blocks is one of the principal mechanisms by which scour can occur, particularly in unlined spillways and on ...