Earthquakes subject tunnel linings to transient strains due to ground shaking, and can cause localized permanent strains in zones of fault rupture. These issues are discussed with respect to seismic analyses and design strategies. Most underground structures ...

<p>Tunnelling was part of the new Tren Urbano transit system in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Four tunnels in soil were designed and constructed with shotcrete linings using the sequential excavation method (SEM), which uses some aspects of the New Austrian Tunneling ...