<p>With the increasing population and the consequent needs for transport facilities, the construction of tunnels in urban environments is fast growing. Tunneling at each depth of the soil, causes changes in the earth&rsquo;s surface; this is more important ...

<p>During tunneling in loose grounds, the ground deformation caused by drillings around the tunnel, leads to land subsidence and the adjacent tunnel which would affect tunnel structure and surrounding structures. In such situations it is necessary to improve ...