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NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION AND SETTLEMENT OF PILES (1984)
A relative movement can also be induced when the soil settles in relation to the pile, or, in swelling soils, when the soil moves upward in relation to the pile. By definition, if the movement of the pile is downward, i.e., the shear stress induced in the pile is upward, the direction of the shear is positive. If the movement of the pile is upward, the shear stress direction is negative.
Reference:
"Second International Seminar, Pile Foundations, Nanyang, Technological Institute, Singapore, 1984"
"Second International Seminar, Pile Foundations, Nanyang, Technological Institute, Singapore, 1984"
Canada
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