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DETECTION OF TOE DAMAGE IN STEEL PILES DRIVEN TO BEDROCK (1995)

Damaging compressive stresses can develop at the pile toe when piles are driven to bedrock or in bouldery conditions. High-strain testing methods using the Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) have been used successfully to detect pile damage along the pile.
Reference:
1995 PDA User's Days, Cleveland
Organization:
University of Ottawa
Canada
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