Geotechnical Engineering has advanced to the present stage that various types of earth structures can be designed and constructed safely and economically in most instances. However, in some cases, difficulty arises either in the form of failure during construction ...

In this paper, the shape and size of the plastic zone around an underground excavation are predicted using three different approaches: the convergence-confinement method, a continuum numerical approach and a discontinuum numerical model. The results show that ...