<p>Ever increasing population of large cities, density of transportation, and need for storage capacity have led, inevitably, to an increased use of underground facilities. Tunnels in urban environment are often located at small depths underneath densely populated ...

<p>Increasing demand on infrastructures increases attention to shallow soft ground tunneling methods in urbanized areas. Especially in metro tunnel excavations, due to their large diameters, it is important to control the surface settlements observed before ...

<p>The expansion of urban populations comes with an associated demand for increased public transport. An often utilised solution is to construct a rapid transit system within tunnels. Generally, a pair of tunnels are constructed within relative close proximity. ...