<p>During earthquake there is a considerable damage to structures which are above the ground level as well as to those structures which are completely underground. Several studies were carried out for analysing dynamic behavior of these structures. The underground ...

<p>In order to understand the structural behavior, it is useful to study the effects of soil-structure interaction. But usually soil-structure interaction studies are done with the assumption that foundation is fixed to the soil. During strong earthquake motions, ...

<p>The construction of underground tunnels in soft ground in urban areas involves the potential for ground movements caused by the tunnelling to affect existing surface structures. Masonry structures are at particular risk of crack damage. Conventional empirical ...