<p>This Geoguide presents a recommended standard of good practice for rock cavern application and design in Hong Kong. The contents of this guide are derived from Scandinavian practice with suitable modifications for application in Hong Kong.</p>

<p>Shotcrete is a process where concrete is projected or &ldquo;shot&rdquo; under pressure, using a feeder or a &ldquo;gun&rdquo; onto a surface to form structural shapes including walls, floors, and roofs. The surface can be wood, steel, polystyrene, or any ...

Since the advent of New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), shotcrete as a primary means of support in tunnels has been widely applied. It’s most important features are durability, speed of application and cost effectiveness. This paper introduces some tables ...

<p>This paper describes the activities of the International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association (ITA) Working Group 12 on Sprayed Concrete Use. The Working Group has carried out tasks with the purpose of promoting information exchange between National ...

<p>Synthetic fiber reinforced concrete has been used in shotcrete for many years. This paper discusses select project case histories from around the world. The discussion focuses on why fibers are used and explains how there are many benefits, advantages, ...

<p>Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete (FRS) reinforced with macro-synthetic fibres has now been used to stabilize ground in underground mines and tunnels, and for slope stabilization, for over 10 years. Experience has demonstrated that macro-synthetic bres are capable ...

<p>The Western Australian School of Mines (WASM) has developed a facility for the static testing of full scale ground support elements. The test facility consists of several stiff steel frames used to support the sample and a screw feed jack is used to load ...

<p>Adhesive mortar for tiles can be significantly improved by modification. Why should sprayed concrete not benefit similarly for various applications? This question has been investigated through large-scale tests in a tunnel cross passage, in an access gallery ...

The shotcrete – rock interaction is very complex and is influenced by a number of factors. The influence of the following factors was investigated by a series of numerical analyses: the surface roughness of the opening, the rock strength and Young´s modulus, ...

<p>This paper describes the methods that can be used to optimize the design of tunnels using a combination of reinforcement and support methods. Particular attention is given to tunnels in very weak rock or soil in which large deformations can occur. Two case ...