The standard design tools for buildings and civil engineering infrastructure are not prepared for working with real world subsurface information that originate from the 3D geological and geotechnical models. Also GIS standards (as the OGC standard CityGML) ...

In most geotechnical or construction projects civil engineers have to conscientiously consider both technical subsurface objects and natural bedrock objects. From a civil engineer’s perspective, there is an urgent need to extend the Building Information Model ...

This paper explores methods for predicting unforeseen geological conditions in large civil engineering projects.