<p>The design of near-surface civil infrastructure requires detailed consideration of the geological/ geotechnical conditions, excavation geometry and sequence, and ground support measures to ensure stability of the underground openings and minimal impact ...

The paper demonstrates the application of a hypoplastic model in class A predictions of a NATM tunnel in an urban environment. The tunnel, excavated in a stiff clay, is 14 m wide with 6 m to 21 m of overburden thickness. The constitutive model was calibrated ...

The convergence-confinement method (CCM) for simulating NATM tunnels using plane strain finite element method was in the paper evaluated by comparison with fully 3D simulations. Three real shallow tunnels in urban environment in different stiff clays were ...

The paper presents comparison of 2D and 3D analyses of an exploratory adit of a NATM tunnel in stiff clays using two constitutive models (hypoplastic model for clays and Mohr-Coulomb model). The stress-release factor β of 2D simulation has been optimised to ...

<p>The LDP of two-stage excavation is analysed by 3DEC and verified against measured data of the upper side walls in Zipingpu Tunnel in China. Furthermore, the difference of LDP between full face excavation and two-stage excavation is investigated by 3DEC ...

<p>Nowadays a number of tunnels are constructed in urban areas in weak rocks with high or low overburden. In both cases geodetic methods are used to monitor displacements and control stability. In special cases additional other measurement systems are used ...