<p>Recent years have witnessed a growing investigation of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for monitoring the deformation of tunnels. TLS provides the ability to obtain a more accurate and complete description of the tunnel surfaces, allowing the determination ...

<p>This paper presents the features of sophisticated instrumentation available today for geotechnical monitoring. A wide range of sophistic have been described with their applications ted electronic and mechanical instrumentation with different instrumentation ...

<p>Reinforced earth structures are extensively used at the disposal site Longsgraben of the new Semmering base tunnel. These structures were monitored during construction using the observational method according to Eurocode 7. Geodetic measurements to ...

<p>To the tunnel structure in soft soil foundation, damages are likely caused by large deformation, thus it is more reasonable to measure deformation than to measure force or stress. Although there are many ways to obtain deformation information, measuring ...

<p>Main construction work for the Florentine &ldquo;Nodo di Firenze&rdquo; high-speed railway hub started in 2010. The tunnel boring machine (TBM) transitions through extremely variable geological terrain and excavations along the entire length of the hub ...

In tunnel construction, overcut along with undercut estimation is one of the most important factors to be considered before proceeding to the next operation. It is currently analyzed based on sparsely sampled points surveyed using a total station, but not ...

Three dimensional laser scanning, also known as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has quickly been expanding in its applications in the field of geological engineering due to its ability to rapidly acquire highly accurate three dimensional positional data. ...

<p>Tunnel monitoring is an important task in civil engineering that aims at determining the stability and safety of a structure by using information about its deformations. In this paper we present the development and the results of a fast method for displacement ...

<p>This paper reports recent advances of engineering survey operations, that is, operations of geodetic control and deformation monitoring surveys, detail mapping and geometric modelling, and setting-out and as-built surveys, for the design and construction ...

<p>As a kind of modern vehicle, subway has shown us the advantages of safety, speediness, low power consumption, low pollution etc. It has been the main part of the urban high-capacity public traffic system. More and more subway lines appear in order to meet ...