The mechanical behavior of a shotcrete lining is analyzed in this paper using the convergenceconfinement approach. A calculation procedure is presented which is able to provide the reaction curve of a lining with increasing stiffness, by taking into account ...

The convergence-confinement method (CCM) for simulating NATM tunnels using plane strain finite element method was in the paper evaluated by comparison with fully 3D simulations. Three real shallow tunnels in urban environment in different stiff clays were ...

<p>The LDP of two-stage excavation is analysed by 3DEC and verified against measured data of the upper side walls in Zipingpu Tunnel in China. Furthermore, the difference of LDP between full face excavation and two-stage excavation is investigated by 3DEC ...