<p>Generally, two-pass lining systems are used for transportation tunnels constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). The initial lining can support a significant portion of the long-term ground loads and thus reduce the design loads on the ...

<p>A complex rheological model has been used recently at several Austrian tunnel job sites to determine stresses in a shotcrete lining. The raw data are from displacements measurements at the lining contour. The analysis uses a material model based on a thermo-chemo-mechanical ...