The behavior of soil retaining structures during earthquakes is investigated. Seismic excitation imparts inertial forces to the soil retaining system, and, once the seismic acceleration reaches the yield level, the structure exhibits permanent displacements. ...

This report sought to answer the question: does the vertical component of ground motion constitute a significant proportion of the loading that has to be resisted by a building and by its foundations. It concentrates on ground motion in the near-field where ...