The paper presents comparison of 2D and 3D analyses of an exploratory adit of a NATM tunnel in stiff clays using two constitutive models (hypoplastic model for clays and Mohr-Coulomb model). The stress-release factor β of 2D simulation has been optimised to ...

<p>The increased use of underground space for transportation systems and the increasing complexity and constraints of constructing and maintaining above ground transportation infrastructure have prompted the need to develop this technical manual. This FHWA ...