<p>During tunneling in loose grounds, the ground deformation caused by drillings around the tunnel, leads to land subsidence and the adjacent tunnel which would affect tunnel structure and surrounding structures. In such situations it is necessary to improve ...

The tunnels have been constructed following the NAT method, without top heading and benching, and therefore full face excavated with a total section of 80 m2, and tunnel pulls ranging from 2 to 4 m. The south section of both tubes, excavated in coluvial soils, ...

<p>Pipe Roof Support systems are increasingly being used in weak ground tunneling although the design is often only based on experience. The results of an intensive measurement campaign, including settlement measurements ahead of the face, were used to determine ...

This paper describes the detailed engineering design process in terms of the relative geotechnical interpretation stage, the subsequent multistaged numerical simulation steps by using SOFISTIK software, the critical decision making points and the actual results ...

<p>The paper describes the design considerations and the experiences from the<br />construction of two shallow motorway tunnels in Greece. The ground consists of stiff clays, clayey sands and silts. The hydrogeological conditions are complex.<br />The tunnels ...