<p>Stability and potential failure mode of tunnels and underground rock caverns are directly related to the magnitude and orientation of the in-situ rock stress. In some cases, the high horizontal in-situ stress is essential in maintaining cavern stability, ...

In this paper, engineering geological properties of the entrance portal section of Konak&ouml;n&uuml; Tunnel, located on Black Sea Coastal Highway, Turkey, is studied. Moderately weathered basaltic and andesitic tuffs orderly to be driven by the entrance ...

<p>Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete (FRS) is now used together with bolts for ground support in almost every underground metalliferous mine in Australia. Safety and economy have been the primary factors driving the widespread adoption of this system of ground support. ...

<p>This paper describes the methods that can be used to optimize the design of tunnels using a combination of reinforcement and support methods. Particular attention is given to tunnels in very weak rock or soil in which large deformations can occur. Two case ...

<p>Pipe Roof Support systems are increasingly being used in weak ground tunneling although the design is often only based on experience. The results of an intensive measurement campaign, including settlement measurements ahead of the face, were used to determine ...

Continuous observations made during the driving of a tunnel have always been taken for granted, just like keeping one's eyes on the road when driving a car. Therefore, the term 'observational method' often produces a reaction of surprise among tunnelling engineers ...