<p>Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete (FRS) is now used together with bolts for ground support in almost every underground metalliferous mine in Australia. Safety and economy have been the primary factors driving the widespread adoption of this system of ground support. ...

<p>This paper describes the methods that can be used to optimize the design of tunnels using a combination of reinforcement and support methods. Particular attention is given to tunnels in very weak rock or soil in which large deformations can occur. Two case ...

<p>Pipe Roof Support systems are increasingly being used in weak ground tunneling although the design is often only based on experience. The results of an intensive measurement campaign, including settlement measurements ahead of the face, were used to determine ...